Repensando o "Preconceito de Marca": Ideias sobre Raça, Ancestralidade e Genética no Brasil

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22481/odeere.v5i10.7181

Palavras-chave:

ancestralidade, DNA, raça, cor

Resumo

Estudos sociológicos tendem a realçar a importância do fenótipo (“cor”), em detrimento da ancestralidade como orientação dos conceitos de “raça” no Brasil. O presente artigo apresenta uma interpretação alternativa do significado cultural e político da ancestralidade no Brasil contemporâneo. O estudo baseia-se em entrevistas realizadas com 50 brasileiros que recentemente receberam resultados de testes genéticos de ancestralidade. As atitudes dos entrevistados quanto a sua ancestralidade são, por sua vez, interpretadas de duas formas. Primeiro, em relação ao mito nacional de mestiçagem e às ideologias eugênicas de branqueamento racial, que visaram apagar os traços das origens africanas da população brasileira. Segundo, em relação ao ativismo negro contemporâneo, que busca recuperar as histórias e memórias afro-brasileiros destas tentativas de obliteração.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Sarah Abel, Centre of Latin American Studies, University of Cambridge

Sarah Abel is a British Academy postdoctoral fellow, affiliated to the Centre of Latin American Studies at the University of Cambridge. She is a cultural anthropologist whose work specialises in American societies (principally Brazil, Mexico and the US), and her research focuses on the influence of science and technologies on the dynamics of racism and racial identities.

Referências

Abel, Sarah. ‘Of African Descent? Blackness and the Concept of Origins in Cultural Perspective’. Genealogy 2, no. 1 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy2010011.

Abel, Sarah, and Gísli Pálsson. ‘Dépister l’ancestralité : Machines et Techniques Généalogiques Dans La Reconstruction Des Histoires de Famille’. Ethnologie Française 2, no. 178 (2020): 269–84. https://doi.org/10.3917/ethn.202.0269.

Abu El-Haj, Nadia. The Genealogical Science: The Search for Jewish Origins and the Politics of Epistemology. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 2012.

Baptista, Natalie M., Kurt D. Christensen, Deanna Alexis Carere, Simon A. Broadley, J. Scott Roberts, Robert C. Green, and ; for the PGen Study Group. ‘Adopting Genetics: Motivations and Outcomes of Personal Genomic Testing in Adult Adoptees’. Genetics in Medicine 18, no. 9 (1 September 2016): 924–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/gim.2015.192.

Barbosa, Ana Angélica Leal, Sandra Mara Bispo Sousa, Kiyoko Abé-Sandes, Carlos Alberto Alonso, Vicente Schneider, Denise C.C. Costa, Iglenir João Cavalli, and Eliane Elisa Souza Azevêdo. ‘Microsatellite Studies on an Isolated Population of African Descent in the Brazilian State of Bahia’. Genetics and Molecular Biology 29 (2006): 23–30.

Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo. ‘Rethinking Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation’. American Sociological Review 62, no. 3 (1997): 465–80. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316.

Brodwin, Paul. ‘Genetics, Identity, and the Anthropology of Essentialism’. Anthropological Quarterly 75, no. 2 (2002): 323–30.

Calvo-González, Elena, and Vera Rocha. ‘“Está No Sangue”: A Articulação de Ideias Sobre “Raça”, Aparência e Ancestralidade Entre Famílias de Portadores de Doença Falciforme Em Salvador, Bahia’. Revista de Antropologia 53, no. 1 (2010): 277–320.

Castro, Flavio Cafe de. ‘A Celebration of Brazil’s Diversity’. Atlas of the Future, 2020. https://atlasofthefuture.org/project/somos-brasil-we-are-brazil/.

Chazkel, Amy. ‘History Out of the Ashes: Remembering Brazilian Slavery after Rui Barbosa’s Burning of the Documents’. In From the Ashes of History: Loss and Recovery of Archives and Libraries in Modern Latin America, edited by Carlos Aguirre and Javier Villa-Flores, 61–78. Raleigh NC: Editorial A Contracorriente, 2015.

‘Cidadãos Anti-Racistas Contra as Leis Raciais’. Folha de S. Paulo, 14 May 2008. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/cotidian/ff1405200807.htm.

Costa, Alexandre Emboaba da. Reimagining Black Difference and Politics in Brazil: From Racial Democracy to Multiculturalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.

Daniel, G. Reginald. Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths? University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2006.

Farr, Christina. ‘Consumer DNA Testing Has Hit a Lull — Here’s How It Could Capture the next Wave of Users’. CNBC, 25 August 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/25/dna-tests-from-companies-like-23andme-ancestry-see-sales-slowdown.html.

Fellet, João. ‘“Na África, Indaguei Rei Da Minha Etnia Por Que Nos Venderam Como Escravos”’. BBC Brasil, 14 January 2016. http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2016/01/160113_dna_africano_zulu_jf_cc.

Gomes, Nilma Lino. Sem Perder a Raiz: Corpo e Cabelo Como Símbolos Da Identidade Negra. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2007.

Gonzaga-Jauregui, Claudia, James R Lupski, and Richard A Gibbs. ‘Human Genome Sequencing in Health and Disease’. Annual Review of Medicine 63 (2012): 35–61. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-051010-162644.

Grupo Genera. ‘A Crescente Demanda Por Testes de Ancestralidade No Brasil’. Genera (blog), 14 February 2020. https://www.genera.com.br/blog/a-crescente-demanda-por-testes-de-ancestralidade-no-brasil.

Harris, Marvin D. ‘Racial Identity in Brazil’. Luso-Brazilian Review 1, no. 2 (1964): 21–28.

Hasenbalg, Carlos, and Nelson do Valle Silva, eds. Estrutura Social, Mobilidade e Raça. Rio de Janeiro: IUPERJ, Vértice, 1988.

Hordge-Freeman, Elizabeth. The Color of Love: Racial Features, Stigma, and Socialization in Black Brazilian Families. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015.

Hünemeier, Tábita, Claudia M. B. Carvalho, Andrea Rita Marrero, Francisco M. Salzano, Sérgio D. J. Pena, and Maria Cátira Bortolini. ‘Niger-Congo Speaking Populations and the Formation of the Brazilian Gene Pool: MtDNA and Y-Chromosome Data’. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 133, no. 2 (2007): 854–67.

Jagadeesan, Anuradha, Ellen D. Gunnarsdóttir, S. Sunna Ebenesersdóttir, Valdis B. Guðmundsdóttir, Elisabet Linda Thordardottir, Margrét S. Einarsdóttir, Hákon Jónsson, et al. ‘Reconstructing an African Haploid Genome from the 18th Century’. Nature Genetics 50 (2018): 199–205. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-017-0031-6.

Kent, Michael, Vivette García-Deister, Carlos López-Beltrán, Ricardo Ventura Santos, Ernesto Schwartz-Marín, and Peter Wade. ‘Building the Genomic Nation: “Homo Brasilis” and the “Genoma Mexicano” in Comparative Cultural Perspective’. Social Studies of Science 45, no. 6 (2015): 839–61. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312715611262.

Kent, Michael, Ricardo Ventura Santos, and Peter Wade. ‘Negotiating Imagined Genetic Communities: Unity and Diversity in Brazilian Science and Society’. American Anthropologist 116, no. 4 (2014): 1–13.

Kent, Michael, and Peter Wade. ‘Genetics against Race: Science, Politics and Affirmative Action in Brazil’. Social Studies of Science 45, no. 6 (2015): 816–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312715610217.

Kopacz, Elizabeth. ‘From Contingent Beginnings to Multiple Ends: DNA Technologies and the Korean Adoptee “Cousin”’. Adoption & Culture 6, no. 2 (2018): 336–52. https://doi.org/10.26818/adoptionculture.6.2.0336.

Manta, Fernanda Saloum Neves, Rui Pereira, Alexandre Caiafa, Dayse Aparecida Silva, Leonor Gusmão, and Elizeu Fagundes Carvalho. ‘Analysis of Genetic Ancestry in the Admixed Brazilian Population from Rio de Janeiro Using 46 Autosomal Ancestry-Informative Indel Markers’. Annals of Human Biology 40, no. 1 (1 January 2013): 94–98. https://doi.org/10.3109/03014460.2012.742138.

Marks, Jonathan. Is Science Racist? Cambridge, UK and Malden, MA: Polity, 2017.

Monteiro, Mônica, and Luciana Pires. Brasil: DNA África. Documentary. CineGroup, Globo Filmes, GloboNews, 2016.

Nascimento, Abdias do. O Genocídio Do Negro Brasileiro. Processo de Um Racismo Mascarado. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1978.

Nash, Catherine. ‘Genetic Kinship’. Cultural Studies 18, no. 1 (2004): 1–33.

Nelson, Alondra. ‘Bio Science: Genetic Genealogy Testing and the Pursuit of African Ancestry’. Social Studies of Science 38, no. 5 (2008): 759–83.

Nelson, Alondra. The Social Life of DNA: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation after the Genome. Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2016.

Neto, Verlan Valle Gaspar, and Ricardo Ventura Santos. ‘Biorrevelações: Testes de Ancestralidade Genética Em Perspectiva Antropológica Comparada’. Horizontes Antropológicos 17, no. 35 (2011): 227–55.

Nieves Delgado, Abigail, Vivette García Deister, and Carlos López Beltrán. ‘¿De Qué Me Ves Cara?: Narrativas de Herencia, Genética e Identidad Inscritas En La Apariencia’. Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana 12, no. 3 (2017): 313–37.

Nogueira, Oracy. ‘Preconceito Racial de Marca e Preconceito Racial de Origem: Sugestão de Um Quadro de Referência Para a Interpretação Do Material Sobre Relações Raciais No Brasil’. Tempo Social 19, no. 1 (2006): 287–308.

Paixão, Marcelo, and Luiz M. Carvano. ‘Censo e Demografia: A Variável Cor Ou Raça Nos Interior Dos Sistemas Censitários Brasileiros’. In Raça: Novas Perspectivas Antropológicas, edited by Osmundo Araújo Pinho and Livio Sansone, Second edition. Salvador: ABA, EDUFBA, 2008.

Pálsson, Gísli. Anthropology and the New Genetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Parra, Flavia C., Roberto C. Amado, José R. Lambertucci, Jorge Rocha, Carlos M. Antunes, and Sérgio D. J. Pena. ‘Color and Genomic Ancestry in Brazilians’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 1 (2003): 177–82.

Pena, Sérgio D. J. À Flor Da Pele: Reflexões de Um Geneticista. Rio de Janeiro: Vieira & Lent, 2007.

Pena, Sérgio D. J.Humanidade Sem Raças? Ensaios, Reportagens, Entrevistas, Série 21. São Paulo: PubliFolha, 2008.

Pena, Sérgio D. J. Igualmente Diferentes. Belo Horizonte: Editora UFMG, 2009.

Pena, Sérgio D. J., and Maria Cátira Bortolini. ‘Pode a Genética Definir Quem Deve Se Beneficiar Das Cotas Universitárias e Demais Ações Afirmativas?’ Estudos Avançados 18, no. 50 (2004): 31–50.

Pena, Sérgio D. J., Giuliano Di Pietro, Mateus Fuchshuber-Moraes, Julia Pasqualini Genro, Mara H. Hutz, Fernanda de Souza Gomes Kehdy, Fabiana Kohlrausch, et al. ‘The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected’. PLoS One 6, no. 2 (2011): 1–9.

Pereira, Néli. ‘Projeto Com Retratos e DNA de 104 Brasileiros Que Tenta Desvendar “força” de Identidade Nacional’. BBC Brasil. 2 August 2016. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-36945257?post_id=10153656746846357_10154212516826357&fbclid=IwAR370_870bhUi5kZ7_dG61HDnuA2_IzV0uvMZAH5oqHfhphQdXGBvS35me4#_=_.

Pickrell, Joseph K., and David Reich. ‘Toward a New History and Geography of Human Genes Informed by Ancient DNA’. Trends in Genetics 30, no. 9 (September 2014): 377–89.

Pimenta, Juliana R., Luciana W. Zuccherato, Adriana A. Debes, Luciana Maselli, Rosângela P. Soares, Rodrigo S. Moura-Neto, Jorge Rocha, Sergio P. Bydlowski, and Sérgio D. J. Pena. ‘Color and Genomic Ancestry in Brazilians: A Study with Forensic Microsatellites’. Human Heredity 62 (2006): 190–95.

Roberts, Dorothy. Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-Create Race in the Twenty-First Century. New York & London: The New Press, 2011.

Rotimi, Charles N. ‘Genetic Ancestry Tracing and the African Identity: A Double-Edged Sword?’ The American Journal of Human Genetics 86 (2003): 661–73.

Ruiz-Linares, Andrés, Kaustubh Adhikari, Victor Acuña-Alonzo, Mirsha Quinto-Sanchez, Claudia Jaramillo, William Arias, Macarena Fuentes, et al. ‘Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals’. PLOS Genetics 10, no. 9 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004572.

Santos, Ricardo Ventura, Maria Cátira Bortolini, and Marcos Chor Maio. ‘No Fio Da Navalha: Raça, Genética e Identidades’. Revista USP 68 (2006): 22–35.

Santos, Ricardo Ventura, Peter H. Fry, Simone Monteiro, Marcos Chor Maio, José Carlos Rodrigues, Luciana Bastos-Rodrigues, and Sérgio D. J. Pena. ‘Color, Race, and Genomic Ancestry in Brazil: Dialogues between Anthropology and Genetics’. Current Anthropology 50, no. 6 (2009): 787–819. https://doi.org/10.1086/644532.

Santos, Ricardo Ventura, and Marcos Chor Maio. ‘Qual “Retrato Do Brasil”?: Raça, Biologia, Identidades e Política Na Era Da Genômica’. MANA 10, no. 1 (2004): 61–95.

Scherer, Felipe. ‘Conheça o Teste de Ancestralidade Desenvolvido Por Startup Brasileira’. Exame., 10 June 2020, sec. Blog. https://exame.com/blog/inovacao-na-pratica/conheca-o-teste-de-ancestralidade-desenvolvido-por-startup-brasileira/.

Schwartz-Marín, Ernesto, and Peter Wade. ‘Explaining the Visible and the Invisible: Public Knowledge of Genetics, Ancestry, Physical Appearance and Race in Colombia’. Social Studies of Science 45, no. 6 (2015): 886–906. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306312715621182.

Silva, Graziella Morães, and Marcelo Paixão. ‘Mixed and Unequal: New Perspectives on Brazilian Ethnoracial Relations’. In Pigmentocracies: Ethnicity, Race, and Color in Latin America, edited by Edward E. Telles and Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America, 172–217. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

Silva, Thiago Magalhães da, MR Sandhya Rani, Gustavo Nunes de Oliveira Costa, Maria A. Figueiredo, Paulo S. Melo, João F. Nascimento, Neil D. Molyneaux, et al. ‘The Correlation between Ancestry and Color in Two Cities of Northeast Brazil with Contrasting Ethnic Compositions’. European Journal of Human Genetics, 2014, 1–6.

Skidmore, Thomas E. Preto No Branco: Raça e Nacionalidade No Pensamento Brasileiro. Translated by Donaldson M. Garschagen. São Paulo: Companhia Das Letras, 2012.

Smith, Christen A. Afro-Paradise: Blackness, Violence, and Performance in Brazil. Urbana, Chicago and Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2015.

Souza, Vanderlei Sebastião de, Rodrigo Ciconet Dornelles, Carlos E. A. Coimbra Júnior, and Ricardo Ventura Santos. ‘História Da Genética No Brasil: Um Olhar a Partir Do Museu Da Genética Da Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul’. História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos 20, no. 2 (2013): 675–94.

Souza, Vanderlei Sebastião de, and Ricardo Ventura Santos. ‘The Emergence of Human Population Genetics and Narratives about the Formation of the Brazilian Nation (1950-1960)’. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 48 (2014): 97–107.

Stallard, Matthew, and Jerome de Groot. ‘“Things Are Coming Out That Are Questionable, We Never Knew About”: DNA and the New Family History’. Journal of Family History, 2020, 0363199020906853. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363199020906853.

Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme, Daniela D. Vargens, Claudio José Struchiner, Luciana Bastos-Rodrigues, and Sérgio D. J. Pena. ‘Self-Reported Skin Color, Genomic Ancestry and the Distribution of GST Polymorphisms’. Pharmacogenet Genomics 17, no. 9 (2007): 765–71.

TallBear, Kim, and Deborah A. Bolnick. ‘“Native American DNA” Tests: What Are the Risks to Tribes?’ The Native Voice D2 (2004).

Twine, France Winddance. Racism in a Racial Democracy: The Maintenance of White Supremacy in Brazil. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1998.

Wade, Peter. Degrees of Mixture, Degrees of Freedom. Genomics, Multiculturalism, and Race in Latin America. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2017.

Wade, Peter, Carlos López Beltrán, Eduardo Restrepo, and Ricardo Ventura Santos, eds.

Mestizo Genomics: Race Mixture, Nation, and Science in Latin America. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2014.

Wade, Peter, Carlos López Beltrán, and Ricardo Ventura Santos. ‘Genomics, Race Mixture, and Nation in Latin America’. In Mestizo Genomics: Race Mixture, Nation, and Science in Latin America, 1–32. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2014.

Downloads

Publicado

2020-12-31

Como Citar

Abel, S. (2020). Repensando o "Preconceito de Marca": Ideias sobre Raça, Ancestralidade e Genética no Brasil. ODEERE, 5(10), 186-221. https://doi.org/10.22481/odeere.v5i10.7181