DEVELOPMENT OF SERVICE INDUSTRIES AS A FACTOR OF LABOUR MARKET STABILIZATION IN THE SUBJECTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION DESARROLLO DE LAS INDUSTRIAS DE SERVICIOS COMO FACTOR DE ESTABILIZACIÓN DEL MERCADO LABORAL EN LOS TEMAS DE LA FEDERACIÓN DE RUSIA DESENVOLVIMENTO DAS INDÚSTRIAS DE SERVIÇOS COMO FATOR DE ESTABILIZAÇÃO DO MERCADO DE TRABALHO NOS SUJEITOS DA FEDERAÇÃO RUSSA

Resumo: No trabalho, os autores analisaram o desenvolvimento das indústrias de serviços nas regiões mais problemáticas da Federação Russa, substanciaram as suposições de que o desenvolvimento do setor de serviços em muitas regiões ajudará a estabilizar um dos segmentos mais agudos do mercado, ou seja, mercado de trabalho. Note-se que os desenvolvimentos da crise e os problemas inerentes ao mercado de trabalho hoje são o resultado de uma política de gestão ineficaz durante a formação das relações de mercado e a formação do próprio mercado de trabalho nas regiões. A destruição dos vínculos de produção, a privatização generalizada de grandes complexos industriais e as subsequentes ações não profissionais dos gerentes levaram a uma diminuição na demanda por trabalho.


Introduction
Despite lagging behind the development level of the leading countries of the world, services sector in Russia is gradually turning into an independent sector of the economy, on which the future of the Russian economy depends.
In the Russian Federation, the services sector is moving into a separate, independent economic segment, on which the effective development of the national economy depends, although at the same time, it is steadily lagging behind the world's leading economies in this field.
Today, this sector accounts for more than 63% of the working-age population. It can be assumed that the share of people employed in the services sector will increase, and therefore the number of people employed, including in the non-state sector, in particular the services sector, will increase.

The Purpose And Objectives Of The Study
The purpose of the study is to develop practical recommendations for the stable formation of a regional labour market based on the development of the services sector. At the same time, the main tasks were the need to substantiate the place of the services sector in the system of labour consumption in conditions of the release of people employed in industry and other sectors of the economy, as well as to identify the objective possibilities of the services sector as the main source of stability of the regional labour market, and to formulate methodological approaches to forecasting structural changes in labour supply and demand for the services sector.

Results
Over the past period, the structure of employment has changed significantly. The structure of the region's economy plays a decisive role in the structure of employment. Since 2005, the Federal State Statistics Service is not determining employment by industries, but by fields of activities, which makes it difficult to identify structural changes in employment.
However, according to trends over the past 7 years, a number of conclusions can be drawn regarding changes in the structure of employment. In general, the number of factors restraining the growth of employment in the services sector in Russia exceeds the number of factors contributing to its development.
The conditions for overcoming the difficult economic conditions in which the country has been in the last two decades and subsequent progressive development are effective management and stability of development of structure-forming and, primarily, strategic sectors of the economy and spheres of activity.
One of the priority areas in solving accumulated economic problems is the need for an effective policy in the field of labour relations in the labour market. The labour market is a system that is an indicator of the economic and social situation; it reflects the development level of a country or region. The basis for such a statement is that the labour market consists of a complex of entities some of which are owners or carriers of labour, of individuals and legal entities that are able to use free labour resources to achieve their goals, and the relationship between them is a system-forming factor. The effective interaction between all subjects of this system can lead to positive results not only in this area, but also in other related fields.
In the opinion of the authors, the problems in the labour market are systematic and are characterized by various issues in this area, and in particular, by high unemployment level.
However, as some world sources note, unemployment level in Russia is record low, and the According to Rosstat for the first half of this year, in Russia the share of the workingage population without a job amounts to 4.7%. Thailand, which is first in this ranking, has unemployment of only 1%. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE) this share equals to 1.7%, in Vietnam -2%. In Switzerland, unemployment is 2.4%, in Germany is 3.4%, and in the USA is 3.9%.

546
The closest "neighbours" of Russia, for example, Israel and Bangladesh, there are 4.2% of officially unemployed citizens. At the same time, in Indonesia, which is catching up with Russia in terms of economic growth, unemployment is higher than in our country and amounts to 5.1%.
However, the unemployment rate of 4.7% for Russia is a record low. This indicator began to decline since the beginning of the 2000s, when unemployment was 10.6%. Its increase was noted in 2009 and 2010 during the period of the economic crisis, but over the past year its level decreased by 0.5% (Without the right to work: work escapes from the Russians, 2018).
Lately, official sources have been constantly declaring achievements in this area. In particular, during a discussion on the law non-accepted at that time on raising the retirement Thus, in general, the situation in Russia is characterized by the following indicators.
At the end of the second quarter, there were 48% of women aged 15 years and older, 64%urban residents, youth under 25 years old -23%, and the persons without work experience -31% among the unemployed. The largest share among unemployed Russians is citizens aged 25 to 39, and it makes up 42%.
It can be noted that unemployment in the Russian Federation has a kind of "stagnant nature". So, 45% of Russians are looking for work for a year or more, and over the past year their share increased by 7%. The average duration of a job search period in Russia is 7.5 months.
Moreover, in the coming years, the unemployment rate in Russia may rise.

547
Given the fact that in the next 10 years a large number of citizens will appear on the labour market due to the pension reform, it will be more difficult to look for work. Therefore, it is necessary now to think about how to reduce unemployment.
In our opinion, the consequences of pension reform are biased. The government plans to reduce unemployment, but in the nearest 10 years its level may rise by 200% due to an increase in the retirement age.
According to a study conducted by Rosstat in 2018, 72% of the unemployed people seek help from friends, relatives and acquaintances, and only 28% of Russians turn to employment service bodies (Microdata of a sample labour force survey in 2017). The trend is toward an even greater decrease in their level of influence. This may be explained by the fact that Russians are not very interested in the low-paid work which is often offered in such institutions.
If to return to the period of the Russian labour market formation, it should be noted that it has always been the sphere that directly or indirectly affected the state of the economy as a whole. In Russia, it took shape under the influence of various factors, but its peculiarity is that during the transition from a planned economy to market relations, there was a situation in which production factors, that is, means of production and labour were already a commodity in market relations.
The understamding and adoption of this state of affairs could not have happened simultaneously in the transition period. The heads of companies were not able in those conditions in the shortest possible time to become adapted to such changes, the principles of management and market requirements. As practice has shown, this process took several years.
At the stage of the formation of new organizational and economic relations, there were many problems in the field of regulation of this market; the problems were caused by a misunderstanding of all the processes taking place on the market, as well as copying Western methods in the field of regulation both of the labour market itself and the management of employment in the labour market that were not originally adapted to Russian conditions. Not quite right management, and in some cases a misunderstanding of the processes occurring in the labour market in the absence of elementary knowledge in "new" managers led to such negative phenomena that we observe today, and which we still cannot pull through, in particular, the problems of high or hidden unemployment. The lack of knowledge and work experience in this area is the result not of the ill-conceived policies of the then leadership, but too dramatic and drastic changes in this area, and the lack of knowledge and work experience.

548
We mean changes that the state was not ready for, in view of the lack of experience in managing labour relations precisely in market conditions, as, furthermore, in other economic areas. All these and other negative factors have led to the decline of many areas of activity and sectors of the national economy.
But at the same time, it was the labour market that reacted most painfully to the policies pursued in the early 90s, and it is the area where the negative consequences of mistakes made during economic reforms are still observed. The problems are especially acute in those entities where, with the transition to market relations, the old production ties with the republics of the former USSR collapsed, with the privatization of many large industrial facilities, which were essentially city-forming, and all this, together with their illiterate management. All these and other negative factors led to the fact that there were many unclaimed specialists on the labour market. The supply of labour exceeded the demand for it by employers. The consequence of this was an increase in unemployment, including the hidden one. One of the main reasons for the out migration from the republic is one of the lowest levels of wages among all subjects in the Russian Federation. Employers create low-paying jobs only to receive additional subsidies and other benefits from the state. In addition, employer is always interested in a personnel "flow", upon which workers do not have time to create an effective union and put forward some requirements. Young people today do not want to go to work on low-paying jobs and are looking for jobs outside the republic. Also, the reason for the outflow of the population from the republic was the lack of career prospects since all significant and promising positions, from the point of view of career growth, went to people who do not have the necessary qualifications and competencies due to the bureaucratic distribution of personnel.
It seems to the authors that it is possible to reduce unemployment in Russia by creating comfortable conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The better developed the economy, the more diverse industries that create added value are in it, the more competitive the goods and services produced by the state, the lower the unemployment rate. As the experience of developed countries shows, the role of small and medium-sized businesses is extremely important, since state-owned giant enterprises are not able to create enough jobs and provide high productivity.

Conclusions
Thus, at this stage of the national economy development, the role of the services sector from the point of view of the functions that it performs is underestimated in full, and as a result, we observe a regression of the services sector infrastructure itself. If we evaluate the objective situation, then, in the authors' opinion, the domestic economy will not be able for several decades to achieve those indicators that characterize the economy as a service economy which is focused not only on the growth of quantitative indicators, but also includes a qualitative improvement in economic and social factors. All this can be fully attributed to the regions each of which has its own specific features determined, first of all, by the prevailing socio-economic differences. At this stage, it is still not possible to solve the problems of unemployment in some regions of Russia. Moreover, the situation of many social groups is becoming more complicated year after year. This kind of situation can have painful consequences, especially in the manpower-surplus regions of the North Caucasus Autonomous District, and entail not only social tension, but also worsen the criminal situation.
In the author's opinion, along with guidelines for improving the situation on the labour market, it is necessary to balance the requirements on the part of employers who present qualification requirements for labour carriers, together with an adequate assessment of their skills and abilities of the labour carriers themselves.
The problems of unemployment are especially acute in many regions of the North Caucasus Autonomous District, including the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. According to official statistics, which, in the subjective opinion of the authors, is artificially (behind the scenes) overestimated, the region under consideration is in the penultimate place in terms of the number of unemployed, outstripping only the Karachay-Cherkess Republic in this indicator.
There is a negative balance of migration processes. Young people who have graduated and cannot find a decent job are leaving, and people with a low level of professional qualities from neighbouring countries come to their places. The republic is losing promising youth at least.
Moreover, the situation of many social groups is becoming more complicated year after year. Such a situation can have painful consequences, especially in the manpower-surplus regions under consideration, and entail not only social tension, but also worsen the criminal situation.
It is necessary to balance the demands on the part of employers making qualification requirements for labour carriers, and with an adequate assessment of their skills and abilities of the labour carriers themselves. One of the directions for solving the problem is that it is possible to create conditions at enterprises of the republics for employers to attract young people for internships, including those studying in higher educational institutions. Closer interaction between employers and universities, in terms of the number of specialists needed in a particular enterprise in various fields of activity is necessary. Today, all this is formal for the most part.