Adaptación de dominio de modelos fundacionales de lenguaje para la generación documental en contextos jurídicos e institucionales regulados análogos: una revisión sistemática
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https://doi.org/10.22481/recic.v8i1.19945Palabras clave:
Generación aumentada por recuperación, Grandes modelos de lenguaje, Modelos fundacionales, Legal NLP, Adaptación de dominio, Ajuste fino eficiente en parámetros, Revisión sistemática de la literaturaResumen
La adaptación de modelos fundacionales de lenguaje para la generación de documentos jurídicos se ha convertido en un problema relevante en el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural Jurídico y en contextos institucionales regulados, en los cuales los textos generados deben preservar factualidad, coherencia normativa, trazabilidad y control sobre información sensible. Esta revisión sistemática de la literatura mapea, clasifica y analiza críticamente estudios primarios sobre técnicas de adaptación de dominio para modelos fundacionales de lenguaje aplicados a tareas de generación jurídica y normativo-argumentativa. La revisión siguió directrices para revisiones sistemáticas en Ingeniería de Software y los ítems aplicables de PRISMA 2020. Las búsquedas se realizaron en Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE Xplore y ACM Digital Library, abarcando estudios publicados entre enero de 2021 y diciembre de 2025, complementadas mediante backward snowballing. A partir de 200 registros iniciales, se incluyeron 32 estudios primarios. El corpus resultante se concentra predominantemente en el dominio jurídico, mientras que los contextos institucionales regulados, como la Seguridad Pública, aparecen de forma marginal. Los resultados muestran que el campo ha convergido hacia pipelines híbridos que combinan ajuste fino eficiente en parámetros, generación aumentada por recuperación e inferencia estructurada. La ingeniería de datos está marcada por un trade-off entre escala y control, con uso frecuente de datasets semisintéticos. Las métricas tradicionales de Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural siguen siendo útiles como indicadores iniciales, pero son insuficientes para evaluar factualidad, validez normativa y consistencia argumentativa. Las salvaguardas éticas, los controles de privacidad y las métricas de mitigación de sesgos siguen estando poco desarrollados. Los hallazgos indican que la adopción institucional de modelos de lenguaje para la generación documental jurídica debe tratarse como un problema de arquitectura, evaluación y gobernanza, y no solo de desempeño textual.
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