Ethical and regulatory challenges of Artificial Intelligence in medical research: reflections on Smart Regulation

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22481/rbba.v14i2.15519

Keywords:

Artificial Intelligence, Ethics in medical research, AI regulation, Data privacy, Algorithmic bias

Abstract

The article addresses the ethical and regulatory challenges of using artificial intelligence (AI) in medical research, emphasizing the importance of a regulatory framework that facilitates the ethical and safe development of technology. It explores how AI, while enabling the automation and analysis of large volumes of data with greater precision, also raises ethical concerns such as algorithmic biases and threats to patient privacy. Throughout the text, the need for a balance between innovation and ethical oversight to prevent undesired effects is highlighted. Additionally, cases are analyzed where AI contributes to drug development and microbiome studies, as well as examples of regulations in regions like the European Union and the United States, and the need for implementation in Latin America. In conclusion, the article underlines the need for smart regulation that promotes transparency and the protection of human rights, ensuring that technological progress aligns with fundamental ethical principles.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

AMANN, J.; BLASIMME, A.; VAYENA, E.; FREY, D.; MADAI, V. I. Explainability for Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: A Multidisciplinary Perspective. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, v. 20, p. 310, 2020.

BUCH, V.; AHMED, I.; MARUTHAPPU, M. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine: Current Trends and Future Possibilities. British Journal of General Practice, v. 68, n. 668, p. 143-144, 2018.

CCASTELLS, M. La inteligencia artificial y su impacto en la sociedad: Reflexiones desde América Latina. 2020.

CEPAL. Artificial Intelligence in Latin America and the Caribbean: Current Status and Future Prospects. 2020.

DANKS, D.; LONDON, A. J. AI and Ethics: A Primer. 2020.

EUROPEAN COMMISSION. Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. 2019.

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA). Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) Based Software as a Medical Device (SaMD). 2021.

GOBIERNO DE JAPÓN. AI Strategy 2019: AI Strategy for the Future of Japan. 2019.

INTELIGENCIA ARTIFICIAL Y BIOETICA, Editor Rafael Amo Usanos. Comillas - Universidad Pontificia

JOBIN, A.; IENCA, M.; VAYENA, E. The Global Landscape of AI Ethics Guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, v. 1, n. 9, p. 389-399, 2019.

LONDON, A. J. Artificial Intelligence and Black‐Box Medical Decisions: Accuracy versus Explainability. Hastings Center Report, v. 49, n. 1, p. 15-21, 2019.

LOPEZ BARONI, Manuel Jesus, Bioetica y tecnologias disruptivas, Ed. Herder, 2021.

MALABOU, C. Metamorfosis de la inteligencia. Del coeficiente intelectual a la inteligencia artificial. Palinodia. 2024.

MORLEY, J.; MACHADO, C. C.; BURR, C.; COWLS, J.; JOSHI, I.; TADDEO, M.; FLORIDI, L. The Ethics of AI in Health Care: A Mapping Review. Social Science & Medicine, v. 260, p. 113172, 2020.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST). A Proposal for Identifying and Managing Bias in AI. 2022.

OCDE. OECD Principles on Artificial Intelligence. 2019.

O'NEIL, C. Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. Crown Publishing Group, 2016.

PONCE, A. et al. Inteligencia Artificial y Derechos Humanos: Una mirada desde América Latina. 2020.

D’ANGELO, F. et al. Regulación de la inteligencia artificial en américa latina: Un enfoque integral. 2021.

RIVERA, S.; MARTINO, L. A. V. Ética y algoritmos: Un estudio desde la perspectiva latinoamericana. 2021.

ROJAS, C. L. Big Data y su impacto en la privacidad en América Latina. 2020.

RUSSELL, S. Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control. Viking, 2019.

SADIN, Eric. La Era del individuo Tirano. El fin de un mundo comúm. Ed. Caja Negra 2020.

SADIN, Eric. La vida espectral. Pensar la Era del metaverso y la inteligencia artificial generativa. Ed. Caja Negra. 2023

SHOSHANA ZUBOFF. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. PublicAffairs, 2019.

TOPOL, E. Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. Basic Books, 2019.

UNESCO. Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. 2021.

WEAPONS OF MATH DESTRUCTION: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy. O'Neil, C. 2016.

Published

2024-12-12

How to Cite

Ferroni, J. M., & Parenti, P. (2024). Ethical and regulatory challenges of Artificial Intelligence in medical research: reflections on Smart Regulation. Revista Binacional Brasil-Argentina: Dialogue Between the Sciences, 14(2), 103-119. https://doi.org/10.22481/rbba.v14i2.15519