LOS JARDINES/PARQUES URBANOS DE LISBOA, POR LA MIRADA DE ADULTOS E LA ACCION DE LOS NINÕS Y NIÑAS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22481/praxisedu.v16i40.6890Palabras clave:
Ciudad, Infancia, Jardines/Parques urbanosResumen
Los jardines y parques urbanos son espacios públicos socialmente construidos por la acción humana, en sus múltiples dimensiones y en la diversidad de los grupos sociales, culturales y generacionales que los frecuentan. Sin embargo, el espacio urbano no ha sido compatible con la plena inclusión social de todos los niños y niñas. Estos espacios generalmente están diseñados sin su participación, basados en una serie de suposiciones e imaginaciones culturales y socio-técnicas sobre la infancia y los niños y niñas. Estas suposiciones, cuando se implementan en el espacio público, contribuyen a la estandarización y normalización de los niños y niñas en estos espacios, con implicaciones para los modos de administración simbólica de la infancia contemporánea, es decir, la restricción de su agencia y prácticas socio espaciales. Este artículo analiza la forma en que niños y niñas
y adultos perciben y experimentan dos espacios públicos diferentes en la ciudad de Lisboa: el Jardín Vasco da Gama en Belém y el parque urbano Quinta das Conchas en Alta de Lisboa. Partiendo de un análisis etnográfico basado en la observación participante y entrevistas cualitativas con visitantes a estos espacios y utilizando las perspectivas de la sociología urbana y la sociología de la infancia, el objetivo es dar visibilidad a los niños y niñas como productores de conocimiento diferenciado de los adultos. Estos estudios de caso permiten discutir la situación de la infancia en la ciudad como un revelador social, con un enfoque especial en los jardines / parques urbanos, como espacios sociales estructurados donde los niños se hacen particularmente visibles en sus interdicciones formales y simbólicas, pero también en la forma cómo se apropian del espacio público y afectan su derecho a la ciudad.
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HARJU, Anne. Children’s use of knowledge of place in understanding social relations. Children & Society, London, v. 27, n. 2, p.150-160, 2013.
HART, Rogert, 2002. Containing children: some lessons on planning for play from New York City. Environment & Urbanization, New York, v.14, n. 2, p. 135–148.
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KARSTEN, Lia. Family gentrifiers: challenging the city as a place simultaneously to build a career and to raise children. Urban studies, London, v. 40, n.12, p. 2573-2584, 2003.
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LIM, Miyoun; BARTON, Angela Calabrese. Exploring insideness in urban children’s sense of place. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Amsterdam, v. 30, n.3, p. 328-337, 2010.
LIMA, Mayumi Souza. A cidade e a criança. São Paulo: Nobel, 1989.
LOPES, João Teixeira. Andante, andante: tempo para andar e descobrir o espaço público. Sociologia: Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Porto, v. 17, p. 69-80, 2017.
MACNAGHTEN, Phil. Animals in their nature: A case study on public attitudes to animals, genetic modification and ‘nature’. Sociology, London, v. 38, n. 3, p.533-551, 2004.
MALONE, Karen. Children’s rights and the crisis of rapid urbanisation: Exploring the United Nations post 2015 sustainable development agenda and the potential role for UNICEF’s Child Friendly Cities Initiative. The International Journal of Children's Rights, Leiden, v. 23, n. 2, p. 405-424, 2015.
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OLDENBURG, Ray. The Great Good Place: Cafés, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You Through The Day. New York: Marlowe & Company, 1999.
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RASMUSSEN, Kim. Places for children – children’s places. Childhood, Leiden, n.11, p. 155–173, 2004.
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SCANNELL, Leila; COX, Robin S.; FLETCHER, Sarah; HEYKOOP, Cheryl. “That was the last time I saw my house”: The importance of place attachment among children and youth in disaster contexts. American Journal of Community Psychology, Macon GA, v. 58, n. 1-2, p. 158-173, 2016.
SCHICKTANZ, Silke. Ethical considerations of the human–animal-relationship under conditions of asymmetry and ambivalence. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Haarlem, v. 19, n. 1, p. 7-16, 2006.
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SCOURFIELD, Jonathan; DICKS, Bella; HOLLAND, Sally; DRAKEFORD, Mark; DAVIES, Andrew. The significance of place in middle childhood: qualitative research from Wales. The British Journal of Sociology, London, v. 57, n. 4, p. 577-595, 2006.
SELLERS, Marg. A rhizo-poiesis: Children’s play (ing) of games. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, Edmonton, v. 6, n. 2, 2009.
SIROTA, Régine. Emergência de uma sociologia da infância: evolução do objeto e do olhar.Cadernos de Pesquisa, São Paulo, n. 112,p. 7-31, 2001.
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BOURDIEU, Pierre. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984.
BAUMAN, Zygmunt. Liquid modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2013.
BRAUN, Virginia; CLARKE, Victoria. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in Psychology, Philadelphia, v. 3, n. 2. p.77-101, 2006.
CARMONA, Matthew. Contemporary public space: Critique and classification, part one: Critique. Journal of Urban Design, London, v. 15, n. 1, p. 123-148, 2010.
CARMONA, Matthew. Re-theorising contemporary public space: a new narrative and a new normative. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, London, v.8, n. 4, p. 373-405, 2015.
CARVALHO, Ana M.; SMITH, Peter K.; HUNTER, Thelma & COSTABILE, Ângela. Playground activities for boys and girls: Developmental and cultural trends in children's perceptions of gender differences. Play & Culture, Illinois, v. 3, n. 4, p. 343-347, 1990.
CASTELLS, Manuel. Globalisation, networking, urbanisation: Reflections on the spatial dynamics of the information age. Urban Studies, London, v.47, n. 13, p. 2737-2745, 2010.
CHAWLA, Louise. Childhood place attachments. In: Place attachment, p. 63-86. Springer, Boston, MA, 1992.
CHRISTENSEN, Pia. Children's participation in ethnographic research: Issues of power and representation. Children & Society, London, v. 18, n. 2, 165-176, 2003.
CHRISTENSEN, Pia; MIKKELSEN, Miguel Romero. ‘There is Nothing Here for Us..!’How Girls Create Meaningful Places of Their Own Through Movement. Children & Society, London, v. 27, n. 3, 197-207, 2013.
CHRISTENSEN, Pia; O’BRIEN, Margaret (Eds). Children in the city: Home neighbourhood and community. London: Routledge Falmer, 2003.
CORSARO, William. The Sociology of childhood. Thousand Oaks-California: Pine Forge Press, 1997.
COSER, Lewis A. Continuities in the study of social conflict. Nova Iorque: Free Press, 1967.
DERR, Victoria. Children's sense of place in northern New Mexico. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Amsterdam, v.22, n. 1-2, p. 125-137, 2002.
DOVEY, Kimberly. Refuge and imagination: Places of peace in childhood. Children's Environments Quarterly, Boulder, v. 7, n. 4, p. 13-17, 1990.
EBERLE, Scott G. The elements of play: Toward a philosophy and a definition of play. American Journal of Play, New York, v. 6, n. 2, p. 214-233, 2014.
ESTEVENS, Ana. A Cidade Neoliberal. Conflito e Arte em Lisboa e em Barcelona. Lisboa: Deriva e Outro Modo, Le Monde diplomatique – edição portuguesa, 2017.
FERREIRA, Manuela. Os estranhos 'sabores' da perplexidade numa etnografia com crianças. In: CARIA, Telmo H. (Ed.), Experiência etnográfica em Ciências Sociais. Porto: Edições Afrontamento, p. 149-166, 2003.
FERREIRA, Manuela. 'A gente gosta é de brincar com os outros meninos!': Relações sociais entre crianças num jardim de infância. Porto: Edições Afrontamento, 2004.
FERREIRA, Manuela. ‘Ela é a nossa prisioneira!’: Questões teóricas, epistemológicas e ético-metodológicas a propósito dos processos de obtenção da permissão das crianças pequenas numa pesquisa etnográfica. Revista Reflexão e Ação, Santa Cruz do Sul:UNISC, v. 18, n. 2, p. 151-182, 2010.
FETTES, Mark; JUDSON, Gillian. Imagination and the cognitive tools of place-making. The Journal of Environmental Education, Cambridge, v. 42, n 2, pp. 123-135, 2010.
FORTUNA, Carlos. Caminhar urbano e vivências imprevistas. Revista Brasileira de Sociologia, Belo Horizonte, v.13, n. 6, p. 136-154, 2018.
FORTUNA, Carlos. Urbanidades invisíveis. Tempo Social, São Paulo:USP, v.31, n. 1, p. 135-151, 2019.
FOX, Nick J.; ALLDRED, Pam. Sociology and the new materialism: Theory, research, action. London: Sage, 2016.
HACKETT, Abigail. Young children as wayfarers: Learning about place by moving through it. Children & Society, London, v.30, n. 3, p. 169-179, 2016.
GILL, Tim. No Fear: Growing up in a risk society. Lisboa: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 2007.
HACKETT, Abigail. Young children as wayfarers: Learning about place by moving through it. Children & Society, London, v.30, n. 3, p. 169-179, 2016.
HAMMERSLEY, Martyn; ATKINSON, Paul. Ethnography: Principles in practice. 3rd edition, London and New York: Routledge, 2007.
HARJU, Anne. Children’s use of knowledge of place in understanding social relations. Children & Society, London, v. 27, n. 2, p.150-160, 2013.
HART, Rogert, 2002. Containing children: some lessons on planning for play from New York City. Environment & Urbanization, New York, v.14, n. 2, p. 135–148.
HENGST, Heinz. Metamorphoses of the world within reach. In ZEIHER, H; DEVINE, Dympna; KJORHOLT, AnneTrine; STRANDELL, Harriet. (Eds.), Flexible childhood? Exploring children’s welfare in time and space. Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, p. 95-119, 2007.
HOLLOWAY, Sarah. Changing children's geographies, Children's Geographies, Northampton, v. 12, n. 4, p. 377-392, 2014.
HOLLOWAY, Sarah; VALENTINE, Gill. Children's Geographies (Critical Geographies). London: Routledge, 2000.
INGOLD, Tim. Lines: a brief history. Routledge: London and New York, 2007.
JAMES, Allison; PROUT, Alan. (Eds.). Constructing and reconstructing childhood: contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood. London: The Falmer Press, 1990.
JAMES, Allison; JENKS, Chris; PROUT, Alan. Theorizing Childhood. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.
JENKS, Chris. Journeys into Space. Childhood, Trondheim, v. 12, n. 4, p. 419-424, 2005.
KARSTEN, Lia. Family gentrifiers: challenging the city as a place simultaneously to build a career and to raise children. Urban studies, London, v. 40, n.12, p. 2573-2584, 2003.
KOLLER, Donna; FARLEY, Meredith. Examining elements of children's place attachment. Children's Geographies, Northampton, v. 17, n. 4, p. 491-500, 2019.
KORPELA, Kalevi, KYTTÄ, Marketta; HARTIG, Terry. Restorative experience, self-regulation, and children's place preferences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Amsterdam, v. 22, n. 4, p. 387-398, 2002.
LEFEBVRE, Henri. A produção do espaço. Paris: Editions Anthropos, 2000.
LEVERETT, Stephen. Children’s spaces. In: FOLEY, Pam; Leverett, Stephen (Eds.). Children and young people’s spaces: developing practice. Houndsmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 9-24.
LIM, Miyoun; BARTON, Angela Calabrese. Exploring insideness in urban children’s sense of place. Journal of Environmental Psychology, Amsterdam, v. 30, n.3, p. 328-337, 2010.
LIMA, Mayumi Souza. A cidade e a criança. São Paulo: Nobel, 1989.
LOPES, João Teixeira. Andante, andante: tempo para andar e descobrir o espaço público. Sociologia: Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Porto, v. 17, p. 69-80, 2017.
MACNAGHTEN, Phil. Animals in their nature: A case study on public attitudes to animals, genetic modification and ‘nature’. Sociology, London, v. 38, n. 3, p.533-551, 2004.
MALONE, Karen. Children’s rights and the crisis of rapid urbanisation: Exploring the United Nations post 2015 sustainable development agenda and the potential role for UNICEF’s Child Friendly Cities Initiative. The International Journal of Children's Rights, Leiden, v. 23, n. 2, p. 405-424, 2015.
MALONE, Karen. Reconsidering children's encounters with nature and place using Posthumanism. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, Cambridge, v. 32, n. 1, p. 42-56, 2016.
MATTHEWS, Michael Hugh. Making Sense of Place: children's understanding of large-scale environments. Lanham, MD: Barnes & Noble Books, 1992.
MATTHEWS, Hugh; LIMB, Melanie; TAYLOR, Mark. Reclaiming the Street: The Discourse of Curfew. Environment and Planning A. Oxford, v. 31,n. 10, p. 1713–1730, 1999.
MATTHEWS, Hugh; LIMB, Melanie; TAYLOR, Mark. The street as the thirdspace. In: S.HOLLOWAY, Sarah; VALENTINE, Gill (Org.). Children’s Geographies: Playing, Living and Learning. New York: Routledge, 2000, p. 119-138.
MAYALL, Berry. The sociology of childhood in relation to children's rights. The International Journal of Children’s Rights, Leiden, v. 8, n. 3, p. 243-259, 2000.
OLDENBURG, Ray. Our vanishing third places. Planning Commissioners Journal, Burlington, v. 25, n. 4. p. 6-10, 1997.
OLDENBURG, Ray. The Great Good Place: Cafés, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts, and How They Get You Through The Day. New York: Marlowe & Company, 1999.
PITSIKALI, Alkistis; PARNELL, Rosemary. The public playground paradox:‘child’s joy’or heterotopia of fear?. Children's Geographies, Northampton, v. 17, n. 6, p.719-731, 2019.
RASMUSSEN, Kim. Places for children – children’s places. Childhood, Leiden, n.11, p. 155–173, 2004.
SARMENTO, Manuel. Os Ofícios da Criança. Congresso Internacional – Os mundos sociais e culturais da infância. Actas vol. II. Braga: IEC/Uminho, 2000.
SARMENTO, Manuel. Infância e cidade: restrições e possibilidades. Educação, Porto Alegre, v. .41, n. 2, p. 232-240, 2018.
SARMENTO; Manuel. Nota sobre a criança e a cidade. IN: Simpósio UNESP, s.d. Disponível em: https://tinyurl.com/wn9czxo. Acesso em 10 nov. de 2019.
SCANNELL, Leila; COX, Robin S.; FLETCHER, Sarah; HEYKOOP, Cheryl. “That was the last time I saw my house”: The importance of place attachment among children and youth in disaster contexts. American Journal of Community Psychology, Macon GA, v. 58, n. 1-2, p. 158-173, 2016.
SCHICKTANZ, Silke. Ethical considerations of the human–animal-relationship under conditions of asymmetry and ambivalence. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Haarlem, v. 19, n. 1, p. 7-16, 2006.
SCOTT, Sue; JACKSON, Stevi; BACKETT-MILBURN, Kathrin. Swings and Roundabouts: Risk Anxiety and the Everyday Worlds of Children. Sociology, Manchester, v. 32, n. 4, p. 689–705, 1998.
SCOURFIELD, Jonathan; DICKS, Bella; HOLLAND, Sally; DRAKEFORD, Mark; DAVIES, Andrew. The significance of place in middle childhood: qualitative research from Wales. The British Journal of Sociology, London, v. 57, n. 4, p. 577-595, 2006.
SELLERS, Marg. A rhizo-poiesis: Children’s play (ing) of games. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, Edmonton, v. 6, n. 2, 2009.
SIROTA, Régine. Emergência de uma sociologia da infância: evolução do objeto e do olhar.Cadernos de Pesquisa, São Paulo, n. 112,p. 7-31, 2001.
TOMÁS, Catarina. Paradigmas, imagens e concepções da infância em sociedades mediatizadas. Media & Jornalismo, Lisboa, n 11, p. 119-134, 2007.
TOMÁS, Catarina; FERREIRA, Manuela. O brincar nas políticas educativas e na formação de profissionais para a educação de infância – Portugal (1997- 2017). EccoS – Revista Científica, São Paulo, n. 50, e14109, jul./set,2019.
TRUEIT, Donna. Play which is more than play. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity and Education, New York, v. 3, n.1, 2006.
VALENTINE, Gill.‘Oh Yes I Can. Oh No You Can’t’: children and parents’ understandings of kids’ competence to negotiate public space safely. Antipode, Malden, v. 29, n. 1, p. 65–89, 1997.
VAN DEN BERG, Marguerite. City children and genderfied neighbourhoods: the new generation as urban regeneration strategy. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Oxford, v. 37, n 2, p. 523-536, 2013.
ZEIHER, Helga. Shaping daily life in urban environments. In: CHRISTENSEN, Pia; O’BRIEN (Ed.). Children in the city: home, neighborhood and community. London: Routledge Falmer, 2003, p.66-68.
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2020-07-01
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SEIXAS, E. C.; TOMÁS, C.; GIACCHETTA, N. LOS JARDINES/PARQUES URBANOS DE LISBOA, POR LA MIRADA DE ADULTOS E LA ACCION DE LOS NINÕS Y NIÑAS. Práxis Educacional, Vitória da Conquista, v. 16, n. 40, p. 134-163, 2020. DOI: 10.22481/praxisedu.v16i40.6890. Disponível em: https://periodicos2.uesb.br/index.php/praxis/article/view/6890. Acesso em: 17 may. 2024.
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